Doctor Faustus’ Damnation Essay

Doctor Faustus chose to be damned, although the evil spirits may have influenced him, Faustus always wanted wealth and honor. Faustus was very intelligent but with all the knowledge he had pertaining to logic, medicine, and law, it was never enough for him. With his quest for all that he could know he would never be satisfied unless he was a magician of the black arts. The damnation of Faustus’s soul was his own doing; it is exactly what he wanted. Only by selling his soul too Lucifer could Faustus obtain all the he desired, having ultimate knowledge. The beginning of the play shows Doctor Faustus is already interested with the black arts and magicians. â€Å"These metaphysics of magicians/ and necromantic books are heavenly! / Lines, circles, schemes, letters, and characters! / Ay, these are those Faustus most desires.† (lines 49-52). Faustus has an undying need for knowledge that he can only get through the means of selling his soul. Obviously Faustus had no hesitation when he has summoned Mephastophilis for the first time and demands that he be his servant for twenty-four years. This shows that Faustus does not care what he must do to become an honored and wealthy person. However the good angel and the evil angel appear to him and try to influence his deal with Lucifer. Faustus is having indecisive thoughts on if he has done the right thing. â€Å"Ah Christ my Savior! seek to save/ Distressed Faustus’ soul!† (line 256). The good angel is trying to tell Faustus that he can still repent and his soul will be saved, but the evil angel is reminding him that if he stays with the deal that he made, he will be wealthy and honorable. Faustus only considers repenting for a moment and then disregards that. â€Å"O this feeds my soul!† (line 330). Through his own thoughts and free will, Doctor Faustus brought the damnation onto himself. He had the opportunity to repent more than once, but even then that wasn’t enough to make him see his fate. Faustus was not a sympathetic figure; he was simply out to do whatever necessary for his own personal gain. Although his dearest friend The German Valdes and Cornelius, they greatly help Faustus’ journey to damnation.

Swot Analysis: Javanet Internet Cafe

SWOT Analysis: JavaNet Internet Cafe Business Overview JavaNet Internet Cafe is to be the first high tech internet cafe in Eugene, Oregon. The cafe will provide computer equipment, as well as high speed internet access as well as coffee and bakery items. The appeal of this company is to provide advanced internet services to the public that may not be affordable in home use. Also, the business plan includes a training staff to assist new internet users in learning the basics of the internet. The goal of this plan is to provide an upscale social and educational environment for those who desire internet access as well as social interaction and technical assistance. Strengths JavaNet has sought out a knowledgeable staff who are eager to teach internet basics to new users. They have purchased state of the art equipment which will appeal to users who may not be able to afford the best equipment in their home or office. The company will offer a higher-class environment than other coffee houses or internet cafes. The amenities will include hard wood tables and booths, track lighting, local art, and upscale coffee house equipment. The business appears to have sufficient capital from grants and investors to maintain operations for the first year. The small scale of the business requires only a small staff, and the business model appropriately includes the necessary management. The market segments are accurately identified as a split between new internet users, and the more experienced â€Å"power users†. The business plan includes appropriate services for both segments. The marketing plan is effective for this type of business. Local advertisement and newspaper ads will be appropriate for the local scale of the business. Weaknesses Like any other technology based company, JavaNet is heavily dependent on a rapidly changing market. Computer technology, to include hardware and software as well as the users evolve very quickly. While computer technology may require the most attention in a dual service business such as this one, the other half should not be neglected. It seems as though not enough thought has gone to the coffee shop aspect of the business. In order to be competitive with the high volume of coffee shops in Eugene, a staff who is knowledgeable and trained in making and serving specialty drinks will also be necessary. Opportunities Since this business was to open in 1998, the demand for public internet access was high. In Eugene, Oregon, JavaNet would be the first cafe to offer internet access as well as specialty coffee. There are several high end coffee suppliers in the region and wholesale cost for quality coffee beans is relatively low compared to resale value. The demand for gourmet coffee is high, and should do well with the quickly growing interest in internet access. At the time, in 1998, home internet access was not affordable for everyone, and the dial up services were certainly not as fast as the T2 connections being offered by JavaNet. Access to new and expensive Software applications would be available to customers that would not normally be available unless the person had access to an office or school computer lab. Threats The greatest threat to this business plan may be offering services that are appealing enough to bring customers from their home to the cafe. As technology advances, the cost of ownership for high tech computing and internet equipment goes down. The equipment that is available in the cafe may soon be available for home purchase at an affordable cost. Having seen the â€Å"future† since the start up of this business, we now know that high speed internet access is available in the home at a very affordable price. Many larger, mainstream food franchises now offer wi-fi (high speed wireless internet access) in their establishments. McDonald's and Starbucks are two of the first companies to offer free wi-fi in almost all of their United States locations. For JavaNet to remain successful and competitive, the owners and staff must continually modify and evolve their business plan to be one step ahead of the services that are offered for in-home use. In 1998, a high speed internet connection along with laser printing and access to popular software, such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office applications were not affordable to many for home use. Ten years later, most of these items are commonplace in the home. Another threat will be competition from similar businesses. While JavaNet may be at the front of the Cybercafe wave in Eugene, similar businesses will be starting in the near future. The owners and operators must be able to foresee the competition and have the ingenuity to offer cutting edge services that are not available from the competition. References Internet Cafe Business Plan. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18th, 2009, from http://www. bplans. com/internet_cafe_business_plan/executive_summary_fc. cfm

Advertising and the Twentieth Century

In a sense this was advertising himself. In 3200 B. C. , papyrus appears in ancient Egypt. This paper like material made it possible for posters and sale messages to be written for the sale of goods. In 1 00 BC, political posters and campaign advertising became popular including negative ads in Roman culture. The first movable type print system was invented in 1 040 A. D. This system invention helped create fonts typography. Four hundred years later the movable printing press is created by the German printer Johannes Gutenberg; thus, making mass production Of the written word and advertising possible.And nil 647, the first newspaper ad tries to sell the book â€Å"The Divine Right of Church Government†. The first billboard was introduced in New York City in an 1 835 advertisement for the circus. Thousands of years of advancements helped pave the road to the explosion of the advertising world that would occur in the next century and change America forever. Beginning of a new er a. The 1 ass's saw industrialism and consumerism come together to form an American culture of consumption.Advertising was a very persuasive technique for promoting this new and vibrant consumer culture. 1 Advertising n the early sass was simply placing announcements in newspapers and magazines. As mediums changed and avenues for reaching the public expanded, advertisements quickly appeared every. N. ‘here. With this much advertising bombarding the public and persuading them to validate their self- worth by the products they purchase; it became embedded in people's daily lives; as a result, classes and social status were being clearly marked as the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nose†. Displays of this newly acquired wealth were seen all over America, especially in urban areas, where most of the rich hung out ND tried to outdo one another with displays of their wealth. Although the rich were targeted in these advertisements, an ever-increasing middle-class America ha d begun to buy machine made goods due to an increase of disposable income that past generations did not have. As America changed from a country of small towns into a country of busy cities, advertising played a key role in the ideology of Americans.The idea of convenience was a major selling point in one's life whether it be in the home, leisure, or personal grooming. The sass's America was rapidly changing into a modernization society. Some examples re: rapid expansion due to railroads, banking infrastructure that made the mass consumer marketplace possible, and more Americans now lived and worked in cities; undoubtedly, forcing them to quickly evolve in this ever changing social and economic environment. With this changing America, advertisers had three major points to contend with.First, advertisers needed to find some kind of meaning in this ever changing and complex bureaucratic world. 3 Modern comforts and lifestyles were drastically different than what previously was a major part of life's basic needs such as: food, clothing, and tools. People needed to find new meaning to this mechanized routine they lived. Advertisers were there to present the masses with products and consumer goods that would have significant meaning in their lives, no matter how fleeting. Second, advertisers had to give so-called â€Å"solutions† to many of these new problems that modern life proposed.This faster pace of life seemed to be very frustrating consequently, advertisers sought to ease the psychological pressures by helping people believe that the goods they were purchasing for the latest and most progressive product available would help them everyday n the hustle and bustle of modern life. As a result, this changed as needs and products changed. A family was provided simple information, often visually, on how the item would help fix problems of modern day life. Finally, advertisers helped create a new standard of conduct.Industrialization, city living, and an ever- growing move toward bureaucratic hierarchy making social interaction more complex. 4 Whether standard of conduct, fashion, novel technologies, or fads, for most of Americans these were found through national advertising. The degree of how much advertising expanded in the sass can be seen in the numbers. Total advertising volume in the United States increased approximately from 206 million in 1 900 to about 682 million minion and then reached 1,409 million by 1919. 5 By looking at these numbers it is easy to see how rapid expansion of national advertising flourished during this decade.Another key area advertisers targeted was American women. Advertisers saw that magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Ladies Home Journal, and Saturday Evening post were the best way to reach the urban middle-class, and help them to understand and cope with the complexity of modern life through their different products and goods. Rodents such as Budweiser, Coca-Cola, Gillette razors, Ford cars, and Wriggles gu m started advertising heavily during this time. Advertising in the Great War In April 191 7, America entered World War l. At this time advertising was not a new thing in America, but the message had to change.Instead of advertisers trying to sell products they had to try to sell a war that America had been neutral on for quite some time. Eight days after the war started Pres. Wilson formed The Committee on Public Information. Pres. Wilson appointed George Creel, a muckraker from Kansas City and Denver, to head he committee. 6 Pres. Wilson believed that this committee was essential to persuade American citizens to support the war. The ICP embroiled approximately 1 50,000 Americans, and it is estimated that the ICP produced 700 poster designs, 122 bus and trolley cards, 31 0 advertising illustrations, and 287 cartoons during its existence. These ads helped the nation come together with a sense of nationalism helping to promote volunteerism and donations. These artists repeatedly tugge d at American's sense of duty, patriotism, and humanitarianism. The Roaring Twenty During World War l, Americas were asked by the government to ration their consumption of fuel and food and to sacrifice most everything for the good of the war effort. When the war ended, advertisers had the chance to shine again. In the past decade, Americans could define themselves in such ways as, race, ethnicity, religion and politics.Americans had begun to define themselves with houses, cars, clothes, and other products and services they bought. In the 192(Yes, most Americans had more money than in the previous decade. Also, most had a belief that more material goods represented more success and modern advertising fueled this concept more than ever. With the use of billboards, newspapers, magazines and radio commercials, advertisers flooded the market with the need to purchase their products, saying it could change peoples lives by enhancing their health, safety, beauty, and daresay their entire being.Advertisers were unscrupulous at the time. Some advertisements would play on the psychological needs and fears in people; such as telling somebody that using a certain soup showed more motherly love than another, or that a toothpaste, detergent or soap bought from the impetigo could harm you or your family. One of the most successful ways advertisers marketed products was the appeal to modernity. Modernity equaled progress and in turn was seen as automatically desirable. Companies, such as the Campbell Soup Co. Convinced women to try condensed soup because the can was easy to open and more importantly the â€Å"modern way ‘ of making soup. Other advertisers would prey on the fears of some as if that looking old-fashioned could actually affect one's personal life by possibly losing a mate to losing a job to losing one's self-respect. On the there hand, advertisers use anti-modern ads to people that experienced anxiety due to the fast-paced, mass consumption, forward tech nology, and corruption of long-standing traditional values. Post Bran Flakes, for example, showed a frustrated businessman scurrying to work.The ad wanted to convey that eating their cereal would promote good health and calming despite living in the modern world. Ad agencies in the 1 ass's consisted mostly of college graduates with degrees in advertising and business. They had been trained to use market research and learned how to track consumer response o certain products and ads through statistics, surveys, and other analytical methods; thus making advertising almost a science in itself. The Great Depression years The sass's, Jazz Age, The Roaring ass's were years of advertising decadence.The decade even adopted a word to describe its approach to selling called â€Å"Ballyhoo†; a term used in the 19th century that meant to exaggerate blatantly, to get attention in anyway possible. 8 By 1929 advertising revenues peaked at 53. 4 billion dollars. Inn Ethel 9205, advertisers ha rdest thing to do was the show people how to spend their money. For the most part, the public accepted this laissez-fairer; the economy was strong and the government complacent. After the Great Crash of 1 929, everything changed in an instance. Advertisers were in a dilemma.Should they go about business as usual or advertise about the crisis taking place. Even though advertising didn't talk about the depression directly, advertising did change. Advertising remained for the most part bright and cheery. Ads were more geared towards the value products and services rather than the needs and need not's of the gluttonous sass's consumer. While employment was so high and finances, for many, so low, the publics distrust of advertising grew. As a result organizations like Consumer Union and Consumer Research grew and with their success government took notice.They responded with the Pure Food, Drug, and Committee of 1938, The Federal Trade Commission and Securities and Exchange, along with U. S. Post Office and Internal Revenue Service began to increase their supervisory and regulatory controls over advertising. 10 The good fight for the Good War With the advertising industry still on the defense against consumer assessment, America joining the war became a perfect time to repair their image and help the war effort at the same time. Advertisers were very concerned about their future.The industry was mainly concerned that criticism could crippled their credibility and lead to legislation that would tax and regulate its content. At the time, Pres. Roosevelt was very disenchanted with advertising and believed it was obsolete; likewise, he believed that advertising costs should no longer be a tax-deductible business expense. In November 1941, just months before the Pearl Harbor invasion, the Association of National Advertisers and the American Association of Advertising Agencies met to see what could be done.The majority of the industry believed it would be best to â€Å"r un ads explaining the economic value of advertising in creating jobs, wealth and low prices. â€Å"1 1 At this meeting was a man with the different vision. James Webb Young thought advertising was needed to promote business, yet he also believed that was just one component of it. Young proposed public-service advertising to help their tarnished image. â€Å"It ought to be used for open propaganda in international elation's, to create understanding and reduce friction. It ought to be used to wipe out such diseases of ignorance as childbed fever.It ought to do the nutritional job this country needs to have done. It ought to be the servant of music, of art, of literature and of all the forces of righteousness, even more than it is. When will we stop fighting over just the existing business and go back to selling advertising? When will we sell it into these new levels Of usefulness, this larger stature? ,† he asked. 1 1 With this vision the Ad Council was conceived. Lining the W ar Advertising Counsel officially was created to verse advertising for the war effort.Council wanted ads to encourage the public to organize campaigns for military, enlist in the service, buy war bonds, salvaging fat, and women to the work force. These ads had a significant contribution, especially when it came to women working. With so many men overseas, woman had to work to keep the war machine going. At the end of the war, women were expected to return home, yet that was not the case for most. This would be the beginning of the workingwoman era. The 2nd Half In the sass, after the war was over and the troops were home, the economy started to stabilize.

Medical Marijuana and the impact on hiring and drug testing Essay - 1

Medical Marijuana and the impact on hiring and drug testing - Essay Example With increased medical marijuana legalization, questions are propping up as to how this would affect the workplace bearing in mind that most of those who consume it are worker. Most especially, human resource managers are concerned as to how the law would impact on the employment hiring process. The complexity of the matter is increased by the fact that those allowed to use marijuana for medical purposes also have a disability which is protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act and by the Civil Rights Act. Failing to hire such individuals in such states could be considered as a form of discrimination but employers get reprieve in that the Federal law does not offer protection for such cases. As such the issue is very complex needing careful consideration by employers especially in formulation of their zero-tolerance policies or maintaing a drug-free workplace. This essay will present the views of human resource managers on how medical marijuana impacts on employment hiring p rocess. The two human resource managers whose views will be presented here are Mr. Xi Zhao of Uterpy Music Company and Mr. YiChao Wan of Lucky Garden Chinese Restaurant. Uterpy Music company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts one of the states that legalized medical marijuana in 2012. It is a social media company (Internet industry) and the largest social website for people who love music. It aids musicians with networking; collaborating and also getting noticed (Uterpy.com). Lucky Garden Restaurant in the hospitality industry is located in Melbourne, Florida whose medical marijuana bill became law in June, 2014 after being signed by Governor Rick Scott. The company offers catering services and provides wide array of Chinese dishes. The two human resource managers were interviewed using a questionnaire containing wide range of questions as to how the law impacts on

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Essay Example It is important to note that it is difficult to have a consistent HRM approach in the presence of workforce representing multiple demographic segments as compared to earlier uniform workforce. This periodic and apparently long-term change requires management to have flexibility in its practices in order to maintain a positive psychological contract with a diversified workforce comprising of people from different cultures, ages and genders. Therefore, it is essential to determine if SHRM approach and flexibility in its practices can present employers with effective and desired outcomes. Since there are multiple forms of flexible practices used by employers, it is also important to identify likely consequences of these flexible approaches in the light of SHRM. Hence, SHRM advocates integrating HRM functions and organisational goals in order to respond to requirements of external environment. Four major forms of flexibility offered by SHRM are changes in employment models of wage, funct ion, numerical status i.e. contracts, and temporal state i.e. number and patterns of hours worked (Kalleberg, 2001). Different Forms of Flexibility There are various forms of flexible approach that govern current ideology of strategic human resource management. These flexible approaches entail practices regarding workplace, scheduling and compensation. Although a general perception of flexible HRM approach is viewed as employees working from remote locations however it is a more extensive phenomenon than that as not every job can be handled remotely. The term flexibility itself refers to organisation’s ability of adjusting its workforce numerically, functionally and financially in response to external environment and employees’ needs with reference to structure of the business (Wu, 2010, pp. 278-9). The concept of ‘flexible firm’ provided by Atkinson (1985) acts as a foundation behind workplace flexibility and its relation to strategic human resource manag ement. A flexible firm or employer is able to change number of employees according to its needs and also alter source of acquiring potential talent i.e. permanent or temporary hiring, outsourcing or part-time/ remote work arrangements. Another major area concerning flexibility offered by SHRM is the alteration in organisational structure followed by work design. As organizations have transformed into humanistic employers, their organisational model has become more decentralised with reduced bureaucracy. Reduction in levels of management has made employees more accountable and participative in organisational decision making (Armstrong, 2009). Another important element of ensuring flexibility in organisational practices is training employees with reference to external environment. Updating organisational skills’ base is essential for acquiring necessary competitive edge over other firms. The concept of upgrading is also supported by Armstrong (2008) as he has considered adaptat ion to be an important element of employer’s flexibility and adoption of SHRM as a fundamental ideology. Armstrong (2008) and Purcell (2001) have further presented three concepts i.e. resource-based view, strategic fit and strategic flexibility to be the foundation of strategic human resource management which is also supported by Wei (2006).

PABLO PICASSO, Les Demoiselles dAvignon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PABLO PICASSO, Les Demoiselles dAvignon - Essay Example Picasso made use of different shades of color to bring out harmony within the brothel. For instance, the use of the light blue color is used to bring out the light and curtain and clothing the women are using to cover their bodies. The use of color is used in bring out the differences in the way these women look and the feel of the surrounding. The dark brown colors in some of the women shoe that they are darker than other women. While, two women behind the curtains are shown to have dark faces and this shows they are indigenous women. The colors used in the painting are a hue of light brown, brown and blue colors used to bring out the features of all the five women. These colors complement each other and they are used in perfectly showing the looks of all these women. In terms of space, Picasso did a great job in reducing the space within which the subjects of the painting were placed (Apollinaire 147). The foreground, he made use of dark colors and lighter in the middle ground while at the back, dark colors were also used. The figures of the women were modeled using different hues of light with women in the foreground having light features and those in the background having dark features. The perspective that we get from the picture is that, Picasso gives an expression of women who were standing close to one another. This is because; the light and color of all the women are nearly all the same. Picasso made of straight edged lines and cube like features to show the poor state in which the women were in (Bohm-Duchen 207). The first picture that a person gets when he sees the picture is that the artist has the intention of painting a certain scene in an enclosed room. This is because Picasso does not draw the whole room and only centers on the five women in the brothel (Apollinaire 165). Moreover, Picasso made use of two dimensional figures to

Cult of Domesticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cult of Domesticity - Essay Example There were jobs for men which yielded goods and services so the women and children could stay home. Secondly, with only men working to earn a living for their families, a general perception existed that only man could be the "bread earners". This view maintained that the practical world was a rough and violent place which was full of troubles and temptations and a man had to survive as best as he could. Because the women were gentle and delicate by nature, such an environment was no place for them. Instead her place was in the home where she took charge of all the affairs of the house. And third, such a family started considering itself as the backbone of society and the importance and relevance of relatives decreased. (1) This re-structuring of society also resulted in revision of the views about a woman's role in family and society. As men became the primary source of earning a livelihood for the family, women found more and more leisure time at their hands. Social leaders, male and female, began to emphasize domestic and religious activities as a way to fill that leisure time. Since men had become the primary source of income for women, it was deemed natural to invoke the Pauline doctrine that women be submissive to men. Through their increased activities in church and Sunday school, women were able to nullify Paul's decree on woman's silence in church. To show that the emerging middle class women were becoming as lady-like as the upper, leisure class, an increasing emphasis on purity in women developed. This view has been defined by Barbara Welter as the Cult of True Womanhood. (2) According to the Cult, a woman was essentially a hostage of her house-hold. In a rapidly evolving society the values changed with equal rapidity and fortunes rose and fell on a daily basis. In such uncertain times only one thing remained constant - a true woman. The attributes of True Womanhood, by which a woman judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors, and her society could be divided into four cardinal virtues or ideals :- Ideal One - Piety: Religion or piety was the cardinal virtue of the True Woman. It was a common belief of the time that a woman had a natural inclination towards religion. Mrs. John __________________________________ 2 Welter, Barbara. The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860. In American Quarterly, XVIII (1966), 151-74 Sanford... agreed thoroughly: "Religion is just what a woman needs. Without it she is ever restless and unhappy..." The reason why religion was given such importance was perhaps because it did not necessarily take a woman out of her sphere of influence i.e. her home. Piety was the "core of a woman's virtue, the source of her strength." All other virtues would necessarily follow. Women were expected both to uphold religious virtue within their own homes and to spread religion to others. They were the "handmaid[s] to the Gospel" whose job it was to ensure the piousness of the rest of their society. Piety, therefore, gave women "something to do" and the church reinforced all other qualities of "true women." Without piety first and foremost, a woman was "unnatural and unfeminine, in fact, no woman at all." (2) Ideal Two - Purity: Female sexual purity was

Critique on The Affluent Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique on The Affluent Society - Essay Example For that purpose he gave an idea in his book "the Affluent Society". This book became a best seller as it highlighted the back draws of lesser public goods such as highways and education. In this book Galbraith highlighted an important term 'Conventional Wisdom'. This is cited in the 2nd chapter of the book. Conventional wisdom means something that is accepted generally by the public. Conventional wisdom is said to be what the public generally believes will prop development and in economic theory these are well defined in the new growth theory that is somewhat like keeping budget deficits small, keeping a easy to collect tax base, keeping inflation low and spending more on public goods rather than private goods. Inflation has a high impact on almost every sector of the economy. Its awareness is considered very important when it comes to general public and the system should be educated enough to deal with this threat. However inflation is regarded as the best tool for expansion ONLY if it is CONTROLLED. Inflation is the general increase in the price level. It can also be defined as a persistent or continuous rise in the general price level or in other words it can be presumed as an unrelenting or gradual fall in the value of money. Inflation refers to the change in the general level of prices. It does not refer to changes in one commodity price relative to other commodity prices. These differences are common when the overall system is balanced even. For the term inflation, the rise in the price level must be significant and continue over a period longer than a day, week, or month. According Galbraith inflation was presented by the increase in public demand for goods. This meant that the aggregate demand came nearer to what actually the economy can sustain to produce. This conversely gave rise to prices and therefore the private sector in the World War II phase grew stronger as to meet their demands people paid more. Inflationary effects Inflationary effects upon the Economic growth are considered as difficult challenges. As the tools present to deal with inflation need other trade offs which an economy does not want. Such as to reduce the price level the economy must try to reduce costs and in doing so it may lose quality production. Some products are meant to be expensive and reducing their prices will cause the suppliers to lose out. Inflation tends to widen the gap between the rich and the poor as the rich becomes richer and the poor pays the penalty. During the time of high inflation the main priority of the state becomes to provide the poor with proper food shelter and clothing at a reasonable cost. Another shortcoming of the (uncontrolled) inflation is that the industries start loosing out to the outside competitors thereby creating job cuts which further bring down the GDP level of the economy. The US and Inflation The US economy suffered the same disease that the price level soared and people were unable to cope with it. What can be an effective tool to stop this disparity is the introduction of a strong Fiscal Policy as at the time of World War II US was suffering from deficits and the actual level was lower than the budgeted or predicted. At this time I believe that the Keynesian approach is the strongest as the monetarists can only be able to control price thereby creating more trouble for the

The designing of Jade in Zhou dynasty represents its ritual culture Research Paper

The designing of Jade in Zhou dynasty represents its ritual culture - Research Paper Example Jade, which the name is given to Chinese art, is a collection of ornamental stones used in the making of collection jeweler art, figure carving and other forms of sculptures. Some are made statue form while others being relief sculptures. Jae carvings are considered a valuable material in Goldsmith since the prehistoric age and still accounts for a good number of China’s hard stone carving. Chinese people believed that Jade represented purity, longevity, beauty and immortality, for these reasons its sculptures gave high regards and highly prized. Its glittery nature, translucent colors, and shades were also factors that made it important. During the era of Zhou Dynast art, production of Jade Cong, by and ritual artifacts was great (Ergil 50). And at the same a new series of scepters got into the artistic field denoting the varied ranks of nobility, and also acting as ceremonial buttons. Jade plugs were also useful for sealing purposes for the deceased body before burials. The craftsmen of this time imitated the works of their predecessors of the Shang but later introduced less systematic designs that featured zoomorphic motifs that then gave way to more abstract patterns. They introduced the use of iron tools and stronger abrasives giving carvers more sculptural options (Higham 28). The jade stone is white when in the pure state but may be either green, cream, yellow, brown or even gray due to the presence of impurities. The visual art of the feudal state that it contained of various materials and eventually when it later declined. This artwork was a continuation of those that had earlier occurred in the Shang dynasty. Evidence of these is especially visible in the use of bronze (Sun 10). The shaping of the crafts work deteriorated and only picked up in the Dong Zhou and the classical age of Confucius and Laozi when unique local traditions became apparent including a pictorial subject. There were a

The Branches of Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Branches of Government - Research Paper Example This is inclusive of the president who also cannot function as they please. Other parties in the government also have the right to impose the vote of no confidence on the president. Due to the tendency of many governments to usurp power, analysts argue that if left to run governments, a lot of leaders would end up running countries as private businesses. However, Campbell indicates that in the US the case is totally different (2). The constitutional makers of US divided the government into sections that would specialize in formulating laws, another section that would implement the laws formulated whilst the last the section would see administration of justice in the country. The Congress was mandated to be the law makers in the government whilst the president through the backup from the departments and agencies in the executive arm of the government to put in force the laws put in place. In line to this proposition, it is justified to argue that the president heads the non elected members of the government. It is also vital to note the establishment of the Supreme Court by the judicial authorities (Campbell, 111). This clearly aided in the checking the systems put in place in the government. The states and the citizens also have their administration authorities through the state governmental units present in all states. This is referred to as the governmental units that are legally authorized to operate within their jurisdiction. Of essence, the Executive that comprises of the president, vice president and cabinet members plays the role of ensuring that the daily operations of the country function effectively, such collection of duties, representation of the country in international forums, and safeguarding the country’s security amongst others (Campbell, 25). The Legislature, which comprises of the congress make up laws, and ensures

Hometown Standpoint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hometown Standpoint - Essay Example I come from Saudi Arabia. The family is considered the basic unit of society and members are inherently unified as well as supportive of each other from birth until adulthood. The relevant characters in my life are members of my nuclear family: my mother, brother and sister. My father died in 2001. When I got married, it was my mother who stood by me. In addition to my nuclear family, I consider my spouse and my two children relevant characters in my life. I played football as member of the national team for 20 years before my father died. When I came to America in 2011 with my wife, I started pursuing higher education. Recently, my mother was diagnosed with cancer and sought treatment a year ago. As such, from one’s standpoint, I strongly believe that as the male member of the family, considered the source of strength and support, I should strive to achieve personal and professional goals that aim improving the lives of the members of my family. All my plans and actions are undertaken to generate financial resources needed to support my children and spouse, as well as seek treatment for my mother’s illness. Since my father’s death, his absence left a void in terms of his physical and emotional support that he showered us when he was alive. As such, I try to make up for my father’s absence by frequent monitoring of my mother’s health condition. I firmly believe that the importance relegated to the fa mily as a close-knit unit of society in our culture contributed to my immense commitment to ensure that all members communicate with each other despite differences in geographic

Essay on Assam Essay Example for Free

Essay on Assam Essay Assam has been aptly described by some as ‘the Shangrila of the North-Eastern India’ – a state having breathtaking scenic beauty, rarest floras and faunas, lofty hills, lush tea gardens, undulating plains, mighty waterways, dense forests, fertile valleys, etc. It lies as a jewel of exquisite beauty and charm on the Northeastern horizon of India. Since the days of Hiuen-Tsang it has fascinated the rest of the world with her aura of myth and mysteries, history and folklore, music and dance. Known as Pragjyotishpura (land of Eastern lights) in ancient time and Kamrupa in medieval times, Assam is the anglicised name for the state. The name of the state may have come from the word ‘Ahom the people who migrated to the Brahmaputra valley in the early 13th century and gave shape to the Assamese of today. The state lies between 89 °. 50†² to 96 °, 10†² E. longitude and 24 °. 30†² to 28 °, 40†² N. latitude. Seven Indian states and two foreign countries touch its boundary. Spread over an area of 78, 438 sq. km. State has a total population of 26, 638, 407 according to Census, 2001. We have a clear picture of Assam only from the early 13th cent, when the country was conquered by Ahoms. Later they were ousted by the Burmese, who handed over the area to the British by the treaty of Yandaboo in 1826. All the major races of the world such as, Austro-Asiatic, the Indo- Aryans, Indo-Tibetans, Indo-Burmese, Mongolians, etc. have combined to make the great Assamese people of today. Assam, however, has remained practically a land of Tibeto- Burmese people. Assamiya or Assamese is the lingua franca of the state. Assam can be divided into three natural regions, namely the Brahmaputra valley, the Barak valley and the Hilly regions. These regions are quite distinct from one another with regard to the composition of people, manner of living and culture. The mighty Brahmaputra along with Barak has nourished the state from time immemorial and has been a source of solace as well as a source of sorrow for the people of the state. The economy of the state is overwhelmingly agricultural and about 75% of the population directly or indirectly depends on this sector for their livelihood. Rice, fruits, aracanut, jute, sugar cane, and tea are the chief agricultural produce of the state. The state also produces nearly half of the country’s total output of tea. he state is rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, coal, and limestone. The perfect fusion of heritage, tradition, faiths, and beliefs of  numerous races has resulted in many festivals in the state. The main festivals of Assam are the ‘Bihus’ which are celebrated all over the state by every one with great pomp and grandeur. The most colourful amongst the three ‘Bihus’ is the spring festival known as Rongali Bihu. Nature has abundantly blessed Assam with charming sights and exciting natural scenery. Kaziranga National Park and Manas Sanctuary are the chief tourist centres famous for Royal Bengal tiger, one-horned rhinos and golden langur. The other attractions of the state are the famous Kamakhya temple near Guwahati, Umananda temple, Navagraha temple, Kareng Ghar, Rang ghar, Talatal Ghar, Majuli island, Jatinga, etc. Nestling in the Himalayan foothills the state is rich in cultural heritage, natural beauty, and mineral resources. There is no denying the fact that the state of Assam during the last fifty years has made great strides in many fields. But a lot more remains to be done to bring the state to the forefront of development and progress. Given better political stability, adequate stress on industrialisation, proper utilisation of resources available and less militancy, the state can leap forward to an era of prosperity and all-round development.

Tourism A complex industry made up of number of different businesses

Tourism A complex industry made up of number of different businesses Defining tourism industry is not a sample matter, it is very complex industry made up of number of different businesses. The common thing these businesses share that they provide products and services to tourists. The most accepted definition is provided by the World Tourism Organisation. According to WTO, tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to end staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism has become one of the major economic activities in the 21st century. The development in aviation industry has made tourism industry very competitive. As airlines industry expands and the world economy experienced substantial growth in tourism industry. After World War II only wealthy people were able to enjoy travelling and tourism but late 20th century and early 21st century it became affordable to masses. The economic significance of tourism industry is quite evident in 21st century. According to WTTC Press Releases (2010) World Tourism Industry contributes over 10% of the world GDP and growing every year. This industry can benefit an economy in number of ways e.g. by providing employment, increase in government taxes and creates more diversified economy. Four industries are dominated in 21st century, financial, telecommunications, Information technology and tourism. The desire of travel is a human need and people keep travelling for number of reasons. The travelling activities will never stop therefore tourism activities will increase in the future more and more, especially with the development of transportations system and modern technology. In past few decades tourism industry growth was tremendous and numbers of tourists in the UK have risen every year since World War II, apart from 1992 gulf war, September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and July 7, 2005 London bombing. The growth in tourism industry has been the result of number of factors, e.g. Economic factor (longer paid holiday, affluence), Social factors (education and advertisement create desire to travel) and finally Development in tourism industry have made easy for tourist to travel new holiday destinations and attractions, cheaper holiday packages, faster and rel iable transport. What is Terrorism? Terrorism has been defined as the intentional use of force or threat to use violence against civilian, business and government, in order to achieve their aims. During past three decades over 25000 terrorists incidents has happened around the world, which have resulted over 100000 causalities or injuries. The basic objectives of terrorists have remained unchanged over the years but development in technology has allowed terrorists to use more sophisticated and devastating tactics to create fear in peoples mind. The biggest increase in terrorism activities in past decade has raised many questions about the economic impacts on many countries around the world. In addition to the technological and natural hazards, people also face threats of terrorism posed by terrorists groups. Terrorist can be foreigner or domestic and their threats to people and nation from isolated acts of terrorism. The terrorists groups used different methods of attacks to create fear in people, like assassinations, kidnappings, car bombs, airline hijacking, building explosions, computer base attacks (cyber attacks), mailing of dangerous materials, use of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. The main targets of terrorists are civilian, government departments, holiday destinations, international airports, historic and largest cities and businesses. According to Enders W. and Todd S. (2002), terrorism is the premeditated use or threat of use of force by individuals or groups to obtain social or political objective through the intimidation of large audience, beyond that of the immediate victim. By using fear against civilian, terrorists create fear in general public through intimidation and hope to weaken the governments legitimacy by strengthening their own importance. Beside civilian death and destruction, terrorism can have very serious impacts on economy and tourism in the worse and immediately affected industry by terrorism. UK Tourism Sector and Economy as a Whole: The tourism industry in one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the United Kingdom, and an important economic sector for UK economy. It is the UK fifth largest industry which provide directly employment over 1.4 million people in UK. In last year domestic and international tourists spend over 90 billion in UK economy. According to Deloitte report 2007 tourism industry contributed direct and indirect in UK economy were worth 8.2% of GDP and also provided 2.65 millions jobs to workforce. The UK tourism industry employs more people than engineering and manufacturing industries, but both industries receive significant polices attention from Government. Growth in tourism sector could have significant impacts on UK workforce. In UK the combination of culture, history, world famous attractions and natural beauty is an attractive option for local and international tourists. There are number of upcoming opportunities like London Olympics 2012, Rugby League World Cup 2013, Glasgow Commonwealth Games 2014 and Rugby Union World Cup 2015 for the UK tourism that should be exploited and on the other side depreciation of sterling means increase in spending power of international tourists, which also make UK more attractive destination to visit. It also encourage local tourist to spend holidays in UK because foreign destinations become more expensive than UKs. Recent reports shows that number of UK tourists going abroad has fallen significantly in past few years and they are planning holiday domestically. This is confirmed by BCC (2009) report, local business in Essex notes that, there are definite signs that exchange rates are giving the UK tourism industry a boost with less people travelling abroad and more international tourists come UK. The future growth of UK tourism is predicted by BBC. According to BBC (2010) report; in 2018 domestic and overseas visitors will put  £115 billions a year in UK economy. The direct contribution in the UK economy will be  £52 billion in term of GDP which represent 4% of UK economy. Tourism also provides 1.36 million jobs in 2009 to UK workforce which is 10% of total work force. UK is the worlds sixth largest international tourism destination in term of number of tourists. After September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incidents tourism industry was badly affected. According to the LCCI (2005) report, it has been estimated that the fall in tourism could cost UK tourism industry over  £300 millions. Liberal Democrat MP Sarah Teather and Brent East told GMT (2005), that the impact of London terrorist bombing on tourism industry is 60 percent worse than it was initially feared. They said that the terrorism cost UK tourism industry over  £500 million. Why Terrorism target Tourism Industry: The words tourism and terrorism exist at either end of a continuum of quality of life. The word tourism means living happily, enjoyment, and relaxation, while terrorism means feeling of death, destruction, fears and panics every where. According to Beirman D. (2003), tourists are primary concerned with travelling to the destination satisfying their desires with minimum complications, threats to their safety and wellbeing , while on the other hand Gilham (2001) said, physical threat or serious disturbances to ones plans are suffer to reduce the prospects of a tourist destination or tourist firm. In past decade terrorism has very severe impacts on the travel and tourism industry than any other industry. The main reason of this may be because the basic objectives of the terrorist groups are to spread fear, as a result the basic safety and security of people threatened. According to Maslow A. (1943) the hierarchy of needs, he said that human nature never satisfied, when they have met the ir basic needs for safety and security. When they are able to satisfy their basic needs, then they attempt to satisfy their self actualisation needs such as better life, travel and tourism. According to Essner J. (2003), the psychological impacts are enough to have severe impacts on tourism. The fear of terrorism is irrational, because in terrorist attack chances of being killed are very little and security environment has demonstrated its negative impacts on tourism in many top destinations around the world. In this competitive age, the business environment is changing dramatically. Terrorism is the biggest threat to tourism industry because travel is susceptible to the incidents of terrorism. When people travel they always avoid hazards, so for tourists safety is the major concern. During the past decade especially after September 11 2001, there are number of events which have had significant negative impacts on UK tourism. The correlation between terrorism and tourism is undeniable in the era due to industry strength and tourist places are the ideal target for terrorist to create large amount of economic and social disruption in the country. In UK terrorism can be seen in substantial part, as a result of this backlash to the tourism industry. There are number of definitions of terrorism, in the world of Alexander, Yonah, (1979) terrorism is a threat or use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal by means of intimidation fear, and coercion. In the present world context , the European Union (2001) define the terrorism relevant to international business in the following words. Terrorist offences are certain criminal offences set out in a list comprised largely of serious offences against persons and property which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: seriously intimidating a population; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organization. September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Tourism Industry: Terrorism has deep history science the cold war but this issue become most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international tourism industry in various ways. On one hand the world tourism industry was affected financially, the other hand it suffers due to legal and security issues. The international tourism industry between countries was most seriously affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed countries were compulsion to protect their territory and people at any cost. Tourism industry in UK and USA found themselves floundering financially in the months after the terrorist attack on world Trade Centre, while rest of the world tourism industry also lost millions of dollars. According to U.S department of state (2002) report more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks only in the United States in September 11, 2001. The attacks were th e conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. According to the overview of European commission (2001) this was the one of the major event in the past decades which diversifies the viewpoint and outlook of people around the world. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term perspectives of the all economic sectors around the world. Czinkota (2002) cited that terrorism influenced long term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries. According to U.S Department of state (2001), terrorist select businesses (e.g. tourism places) for attack compare to other targets. The most kind of attack is bomb blast, although armed attacks and kidnapping are also some kinds of terrorist attacks. According to Council of Foreign Relations (2002) reported the majority of victims in terrorist attack are civilians. The relatively large number of tourists may not prepare to face these kinds of terrorist attacks. However the scenario has changed as it was at the time of terrorist attack in 9/11. Kunreuther, Michel and Porter (2003) said that during the days of terrorist attacks in 9/11 a common feeling came into mind of people that it could be me. But with the passage of time, this may give way to may be it will not me next time. This kind of behaviour is more common now a day in south Asia. But it is a common thinking that it is extremely easy for terrorist that to attack any where in the world. Even in low cost and low tech attacks, terrorists achieve to disrupt the tourism industry. After the September 11 terrorist attacks many international tourist destinations have badly affected legally because countries have introduced new laws for foreigner tourists e.g. strict visas requirements, security check and criminal record check etc. UK government also introduced strict immigration law for every one who wishes to come UK for visit, in the effort to prevent further terrorist attacks. The new terrorist laws restricted the tourists for freely travel across the UK borders and require by security department to keep proper track of their activities. The anti terrorist laws have made very complicated for tourism industry to conduct its business activities freely across the UK borders; as a result many people and firms engaged with tourism have financially struggled. Another major issue that affect the UK tourism industry is security and UK government have to invest huge amount of money to improve both internal and external security. The security is most important because terrorist target hot tourists spots and transportation network to achieve their targets. There is not a vast existing literature which shows the relationship between terrorism and tourism management theories, and the lack of presence of research literature is absolutely visible on the relationship between terrorism and tourism management, which elaborates constructive techniques for tourism industry in the presence of phenomena of terrorism. Terrorism has capacity to create atmosphere of fear and can be intimidate industry in number of ways. This threat of terrorism attacks poses a continuous atmosphere of risk for the tourism around the world. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories adopt term uncertainty as a factor of unpredictable environment which may influence the tourism industry in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. This study is another attempt to research and investigates impacts of terrorism on the tourism indust ry in UK and we will also discuss different approaches for reducing and handling the terrorism threats. Context and relevance of the Study: The topic, impacts of terrorism on tourism industry has been widely explored, this study is based on past decade to find out the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry and suggest the appropriate framework that helps tourism industry to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Given this significance, the aim of this research is an attempt to find the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry in the present context for the period after September 11 2001. Research Aim: The aim of this research is to analyse and explore the effects of terrorism on tourism industry in the United Kingdom after September 11 2001. The second part of my research is to critically analyse and recommend the most appropriate framework for tourism industry to deal with the terrorist threats or scrutinize the different ways to avoid and minimise the impact of terrorism on tourism industry. Research Objectives: The research objectives will include the elements, which have relation to both terrorism and tourism. The objectives of this research will show the correlation between terrorism and tourism and the tourism industry is highly impacted by terrorism activities. This research has the following individual objectives: To critically analyse the general impact of terrorism on United Kingdom tourism industry. To recommend the most appropriate framework that helps the tourism industry to minimize the impact of terrorism. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study is as follows; Tourism industry is likely, to be negatively impacted by terrorism events. Research Questions: The above research objectives can be broken down into following leading questions; What are the effects of terrorism on UK tourism industry? What measures and framework exist to minimize the impacts or consequences of terrorism on UK tourism Industry? After having answered all above questions, conclusion and recommendations will be formulated to minimize the impacts for tourism industry. The conclusion and recommendations are put in the context of relevant political, economic and legal manners. Scope and Limitations of the research: This is an academic research that would shed some light on the matter of terrorism and tourism which have been discussed in different prospective in past. The significance of this study is found out the impacts after September 11 2001 and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on UK tourism industry. Terrorism and tourism relationship is an ongoing issue and it relevance may change in different period because of the change of political structure of the countries. This study is relevant to the people involve in tourism and related industry and of much interest to get insight of the tourism industry. The finding of this study will be limited from the following aspects. The study includes the impacts on UK tourism industry only. Hence, its findings may not be applicable to other countries tourism industries because of the frequencies and number of terrorist attacks. Another limitation is use of secondary data, this data is an important component of my research but there are some limitations that the secondary data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignored. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The secondary data may not be accurate and sources of data need must always be checked. The sample used to collect data may be very small or very big, which means it may not show the true picture of the population. The secondary data sometimes does not help to design methods of formulating research question or answering that question. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in mind those limitations of secondary data, I will use data for my research from reputable academic websites and published literature. Research Structure and Design: This research consists of six chapters. It begins with chapter 1, which reveals the need, aim and objectives for this research to be attained. Chapter 2 of my research will discuss the methodology, which enables me to fulfil the requirements of this research. Chapter 3 is an extensive and deep interpretation of literature review about terrorism and tourism. This chapter also looks at the other literature on the tourism and terrorism topic, and also discusses the difference between previous researches and this research. Chapter 4 of this research will explore the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry. Chapter 5 of this research is about managing the effects of terrorism and discuss the framework to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Finally chapter 6 of this research is the conclusion and recommendation chapter which will answer all the key questions, aim and objectives of this research seek. Abbreviation and terminology: Uncertainty: specifically mean the unpredictable environment; it is unpredictable when next terrorist attack will occur. Risk: mean threat; internal and external threat in tourism industry which may affect the productivity of organisation.

Bond Pricing and Interest Rates

Bond Pricing and Interest Rates Bond Pricing And The Term Structure Of Interest Rates: A New Methodology For Contingent Claims Valuation We read the paper Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates by Heath, Jarrow, and Morton. Their paper presents a theory for valuing contingent claims under a stochastic term structure of interest rates. The methodology takes as given an initial forward rate curve and a family of potential stochastic processes for its subsequent movements. A no arbitrage condition restricts this family of processes yielding valuation formulae for interest rate sensitive contingent claims which do not explicitly depend on the market prices of risk. In relation to the term structure of interest rates, arbitrage pricing theory has two purposes. The first is to price all zero coupon (default free) bonds of varying maturities from a finite number of economic fundamentals, called state variables. The second, is to price all interest rate sensitive contingent claims, taking as given the prices of the zero coupon bonds. The primary contribution of this paper, however, is a new methodology for solving the second problem, i.e., the pricing of interest rate sensitive contingent claims given the prices of all zero coupon bonds. The methodology is new because (i) it imposes its stochastic structure directly on the evolution of the forward rate curve, (ii) it does not require an inversion of the term structure to eliminate the market prices of risk from contingent claim values, and (iii) it has a stochastic spot rate process with multiple stochastic factors influencing the term structure. The model can be used to consistently price (and hedge) all contingent claims (American or European) on the term structure, and it is derived from necessary and (more importantly) sufficient conditions for the absence of arbitrage. The Difference Between Duration And Maturity In Bonds Based on the article: Bond Price Volatility and Term to Maturity: A generalized Re-specification Most investors and especially we who are taking the course Fixed Income Securities are familiar with the bonds maturity. The article wants to illustrate why we cant just rely on the length of maturity when estimating how volatile the price for a certain bond is. As we have read before during the course, there is a common and accepted thumb rule that tells us that for a given change in yields, the price change for the bond will be greater the longer the term to maturity is. Therefore I first of all want to highlight the difference between the duration and maturity. Firstly I will have a short explanation of these two terms and further I will continue this paper by explain some important parts from the article. When it comes to maturity, we all know the maturity is the point in time when the investor receives back the principal. We also know that a bond will increase in value, that is, the price of the bond will increase, if the interest on the market decrease and vice versa. From this statement above, it may be clear that the longer maturity, the more changes in the interest rates can be waited and the more volatile the bond price will be. The duration of a bond will show how sensitive a bonds price is to changes in the interest rate. Its a measurement for how much the bond price will change due to a one percentage change in the interest rate on the market. Duration of 7 means for instance that if the interest rate raises by one percentage means that the price of the bond will fall 7 percentages. The duration is simply the weighted average amount of time that it takes for the investor to be repaid all cash that is both the coupon payments and the end, principal payment. Therefore the duration will always be less than the maturity, except for zero-coupon bonds where they will be equal. These two properties are important when it comes to duration: The first one is that the longer the maturity, the higher the duration. The second one is that the lower the coupon payment the higher the duration. With these facts above, I want to highlight the important aspect of this what the article goes through. Indeed, the price volatility is connected to the time structure of the bond, but its not direct mathematically related to the maturity in a pure simple way. Since there are evidence that duration is more accurate, the authors for the article wants to generalize the following: For a given basis point change in market yield, percentage changes in bond prices vary proportionally with the duration and are greater, the greater the duration of the bond. There is also true that there is an inverse relationship between duration and coupon. This means that a higher coupon bond will automatically be seen as a shorter-term bond than a bond that has a lower coupon payment, even if they in fact have the same maturity period. Furthermore, this means that a comparison of these bonds with equal maturity will underestimate the default risk premium in periods of upward sloping yield curves and also overestimate the premium in periods of downward sloping yield curves. For instance, referred to the above information, there is evidence that the duration varies inversely with coupon rates. A 50 year 8 percent coupon bond, yielding 6 percent, have approximately the same duration as a 20 year 2 percent coupon bond yielding the same amount of 6 percent. To sum up the article and this paper, I want to highlight the complexity of the relationship between the bond price volatility and the maturity, as well as the relation between then bond value and the duration, even if I believe that duration is a more accurate measurement of price volatility. Expectations, Bond Prices, And The Term Structure Of Interest Rates The term structure of interest rates is of great importance when dealing with bonds, since the interest rate significantly affects the bond price. Burton G. Malkiel examines the relationship between market interest rates and bond prices in his article Expectations, Bond Prices, and the Term Structure of Interest Rates, where he takes the position that Lutz theory of Basic Behavioural postulate is correct and important in understanding the behaviour of market interest rates of securities with different term to maturity. Lutz says that investors decide whether to invest in bond based on their expectation of future short rates, since they are not able to predict long term rates. Malkiel furthermore aims to ease the principle hypothesis by Hicks and Keynes, that future prises are biased expectations of future spot prices. A bonds market price or value is determined by four factors: the face value of the bond; the coupon or interest paid periodically to the bondholder; the effective interest rate per period; and the number of years to maturity. The lower interest rate, the higher the bond price hence the significant relationship between the two factors. The term structure in this sense is important since the investor wants to choose the term and bond that is most beneficial. According to Malkiel, the term structure is based on investors expectations, which is influenced by the normal range of interest rates. If interest rates appear to be very high relative to the normal range, investors may expect that interests will fall and vice versa. The term structure problem is furthermore analysed with a combination of spot and forward trading, resulting in longer term rates as combinations of relevant forward short rates: (1 + R2)2 = (1+r1)(1+r2). When long-term average rates are below the current short rate future short-term rates are expected to fall, and conversely, long rates will exceed the current short rate if future short rates are expected to rise. Additionally, when interest rates are believed to be high in relation to historical averages, investors will prefer long-term bonds while issuers prefer to sell short-term securities, whilst low interest rates will encourage investors to buy shorts and issuers to sell longs. Supporting Lutzs theory, Malkiel makes the conclusion that short and intermediate areas of the yield curve exhibit more dramatic responses to changes in expectations. This is due to the fact that investors cannot predict the long term rates; they only interpret the near past and current market conditions. What is also worth mentioning is that the term structure fluctuates more between e.g. one to two years, and three to six years, compared to a very long period of time, e.g. thirty-four and sixty-eight years. This is also due to the fact that it is difficult to predict changes in interest rates for such a far away future. This furthermore explains that the yield curve tends to flatten out the longer term to maturity. To conclude, investors will choose to purchase bonds depending on their expectations of how interest rates will change in the near and long-term future, the term-structure, and that presumably would be most beneficial in terms of bond price and returns. Does Duration Extension Enhance Long-Term Expected Returns? The articles main purpose is to give investors important information regarding duration and if you can gain a profit or not in the long-term. The author is using empirical evidence mainly from the U.S. Treasury bond market over the past 25 years. All the results of the past returns depend on the interest rate trend in the period the authors are looking at. The focus in the article lies on the long-run expected return differentials across bonds with different maturities. The risk premium is defined as the long-term return exceeding short-term risk-less rate. The writer means that the one-year bill earns on average 150 basis points higher return than one-month bill and after two years the yield curve will remain a constant line. In other words the return of the bill will stay reasonably the same at two years but recall that long-term bonds are riskier than short-term bonds because it is difficult to predict the future. In other words it is uncertain how much the bonds are worth in the long-term because there are many different causes that affect the value in the future. The article discusses the bond risk premium using six theories. There are three classic term structure hypotheses. The first is called pure expectations which means assuming that there is no risk premium. The second is the liquidity/risk hypothesis explaining the compensation for return volatility. The third explains the increase and decrease with duration depending on time horizon called the preferred habitat theory. Ilmanen presents two modern asset pricing theories. One that explains the risk premium proportional to return volatility and the other one that clarifies CAPM. The latter explains that the risk of assets depends on the sensitivity to aggregate wealth as in stock market sensitivity (ÃŽ ² correlation) and risk premium (ÃŽ ² Market risk premium) which in turn depends on market volatility and risk aversion level. Equilibrium model means assets performing poorly in bad times should earn positive risk premium while assets performing well are accepted for low yields but other non-risk related factors are also mentioned. To sum up the article long-term bonds are riskier than short-term bonds and investors earn positive risk premium for bearing this risk. Various models specify that expected returns are linear in duration and return volatility but other factors may contribute. References Longstaff, F. A., and E. S. Schwarz (1992), Interest Rate Volatility and Term Structure: A Two-Factor General Equilibrium Model, Journal of Finance, Vol. 47(4), pp. 1259-1282. Heath, D., R. Jarrow, and A. Morton (1992), Bond Pricing and Term Structure of Interest Rates: A New Methodology for Contingent Claims Valuation, Econometrica, Vol. 60(1), pp. 77-105. Hopewell, M. H., and G. G. Kaufman (1973), Bond Price Volatility and Term to Maturity: A Generalized Re-specification, The American Economic Review, Vol. 63(4), pp. 749-753. Malkiel, B. G. (1962), Expectations, Bond Prices, and Term Structure of Interest rates, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 76(2), pp. 197-218. Ilmanen, A., (1996), Does Duration Extension Enhance Long-term Expected Returns? Journal of Fixed Income, September, pp. 23-36.

College Admissions Essay: Art Therapy and Animal Therapy :: College Admissions Essays

Art Therapy and Animal Therapy    As another wave of excited, hopeful seniors pack their cars for college, the community that nurtured them watches them go with nostalgia and anticipation at what these bright new adults will make with the talents bestowed on them and with the mountains of opportunity available to them. The students are brimming with anticipation also - what possibilities await them! As I take my place with my fellow classmates, I watch my old community fade into the distance and wonder how I will contribute to my community in the future.    My career choices have varied throughout the years with a colorful strand threading my love for animals, art and people. I intend to major in psychology with a minor in art. My dream is to help people through my compassion and creativity. Art therapy and animal therapy are exciting fields of work hungry for new talent and well-educated, dedicated professionals. My love of these lines of work stems from having witnessed the wrinkled hand of an infirm, elderly woman stroke the soft fur of a dog, immediately brightening and starting to communicate her first words in years. I have also understood the intense relief of parents of a sick, depressed child whose interest in her artwork sparks renewed interest in the world around her. My artistic ability, strength in science, love of animals and passion for bettering the lives around me give me daily reasons why I know I am committed to this field.    However, the reasons do not stop there. I want to extend my vision into the community, perhaps starting a program in my church community that involves participants taking small pets on their visits to nursing home residents. I could even involve surrounding youth groups in work on art projects with the youth at our local children's home. Getting the community involved in such projects opens new outlets of creativity to flow into a cause I am so passionate about. Plus, the participation can be a healing, nurturing experience on both sides. With my sometimes-stubborn determination and enthusiasm for this endeavor, I will be able to involve my community in worthwhile efforts to improve the conditions of many of those who need most need assistance.

The Long and the Short and the Tall by Willas Hall Essay -- Long Short

"The Long and the Short and the Tall" by Willas Hall The play is set in the Malayan Jungle during the Japanese advance on Singapore in 1942. Seven British soldiers have different power due to the ranking hierarchy and they have different attitudes to one another. Sergeant Mitchem is the leader of the soldiers. He is a responsible and good leader which is evident due to him stopping many quarrels among his men and making decisions. For example, when Corporal Johnston and Private Bamforth are having an argument, Mitchem stops the argument by saying ‘Right. Pack it in. Both of you’. Next we have Corporal Johnstone, who is second in power to Sergeant Mitchem. It is obvious that Johnstone does not have the respect that Mitchem has. This is because Bamforth has many arguments with him and does not follow his orders efficiently. One example of a quarrel between the two is when Johnstone tells Bamforth to ‘Get your pack on!’ Bamforth then responds saying ‘you going to inspect us, corp.?’ The next highest in the hierarchy is L/Corporal Macleish. He is a Scotsman and has regular arguments with Bamforth. In one argument Bamforth called Macleish a ‘Scotch Haggis’. Macleish responds telling Bamforth to ‘Watch your mouth’. However this only encourages Bamforth to continue by saying ‘Aw, come off it, son. Where I come from it’s just a name’. Then we have the four Privates. Private Whitaker operates the radio and is very shy. However, at the near end of the play Whitaker shoots the Japanese soldier because he advanced on him. Private Evans is a Welshman and is just as pathetic as Whitaker. When Corporal Johnstone tells him to kill the prisoner as soon as he is captured using the bayonet of the gun, Evans steps back a... ...ho we initially disliked at the beginning of the play, turned out to be the sole form of morality within the group of soldiers. Thus, we later learned to respect him and his defence of a person in a war situation who greatly needed it. However, how do we know whether the Japanese will not treat the English prisoner in the same way that we treated their prisoner. How interesting that Mitchem and Johnstone held back Bamforth from stopping Whitaker killing the prisoner. This means that even after all of Bamforth’s efforts, they still wanted to have the prisoner killed. Eventually, the unity of Sergeant Mitchem’s men is affected because they all turn against Private Bamforth and the soldier. If there was not the presence of the prisoner then the soldiers would operate in their usual way with Bamforth rebelling and not displaying any changes in his character.

The Three Main Theories of Deviance and Their Strengths and Weaknesses

The Three Main Theories of Deviance and Their Strengths and Weaknesses A functionalist analysis of deviance looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than in the biological or psychological nature of the individual. Although functionalists agree that social control mechanisms such as the police and the courts are necessary to keep deviance in check, many argue that a certain amount of deviance can contribute to the well-being of society. Durkhiem (1895) believed that: * Crime is an 'integral part of all healthy societies'. This is because individuals are exposed to different influences and will not be committed to the shared values and beliefs of society. * Crime can be functional. All societies need to progress and all social change begins with some form of deviance. In order for change to occur, yesterday's deviance must become tomorrow's normality. Nelson Mandela, once imprisoned as a 'terrorist', eventually became president of South Africa. * Societies need both crime and punishment. Without punishment the crime rate would reach a point where it became dysfunctional. Durkheim's views have been developed by A. Cohen (1966) who discussed two possible functions of deviance: 1. Deviance can be a 'safety valve', providing a relatively harmless expression of discontent. For example, prostitution enables men to escape from family life without undermining family stability. 2. Deviant acts can warn society that an aspect is not working properly, for example widespread truanting from school. Merton (1938) explains how deviance can result from the culture and ... ... (taking advantage of 'insider' knowledge to make huge profits on the stock exchange). This is illegal, which suggests that capitalists do not always get the laws they want. 5. 'Left Realists' believe that Marxists put too much emphasis on corporate crime. Other crimes such as burglary cause greater harm than Marxists imply. Their victims are usually working-class and the consequences can be devastating for them. 6. Post-modern Criminology rejects Marxist criminology as being neither believable nor defensible. Despite these criticisms, Marxism has been an influence on a number of critical perspectives on deviance. Some have drawn their inspiration from Marxism and can be referred to as neo-Marxist approaches. Others owe less to Marxism and are better defined as radical approaches.

Wendell Phillip Speech

Wendell Phillips, a white American abolitionist, used the power of language to his advantage to collaborate an influential speech filled with praises and moving words for the former slave, Haitian general, Toussaint-Louverture. His words reveal an unmistakable abolitionist fervor that screams to Americans to allow African Americans to serve in the military and open their eyes to the oppression of slavery. He attempts to ignite this passion through his zealous attitude, his strategic defense for Louverture, and his fluid progression of ideas. His most effective technique, however, is hidden under the surface in his use of stellar parallel structure and reference to historical allusions. These tools allow him to praise his esteemed subject while at the same time moving and influencing his audiences. Phillips speech is rich with historical allusions to the great leaders of our past- leaders who have had a significant impact on our American history. He first juxtaposes his introduction of Louverture with an input about George Washington, the great American President and military leader. This appeals to American emotions as an influential leader is followed up by a Haitian Negro. By placing the two names side by side, Phillips emphasizes a much-intended similarity between the two in terms of greatness. He makes a second juxtaposition when Oliver Cromwell, an important English political leader known for his military skill, is stated parallel to Toussaint’s. Similar to the juxtaposition to Washington, Phillips looks to dispel the mere differences between Cromwell and Toussaint and portray them as equals. A second effective mechanic used in Phillips speech is the flawless use of parallel sentence structure throughout the passage. He admires Toussaint’s action when he â€Å"forged a thunderbolt and hurled it† and follows this assertion by paralleling the Spaniards, French, and English. This structure illuminates how the Haitian successfully challenged each of these â€Å"great† European powers and came up victorious. The structure creates a build-up, each one effectively following the next. This syntax adds to the emphasis of Louverture’s great accomplishments and puts them in a light not too far-fetched from those of the great Europeans. Wendell Phillips carefully chosen diction and use of syntax frees the audience of prejudice in debating whether to allow Negroes into the military. He embodies his speech with emotion and power that pushes the idea that Toussaint should be credited along with the other renound leaders. His language moves his audience in a way that contributes to the developing abolitionist fervor that helped the North win the Civil War. He instills in them the same respect for Louverture as for Washington, the Father of their country and Cromwell, the great military leader. His words were strong enough to influence America as a whole and carried with it so much truth and emotions that people were left with only one thing to do-fight to free the ever-oppressing chains of slavery.

Child and Young Person Development Essay

sensual Development birth-3 old fester The somatogenic rearment for this senesce group is describe be get-go Baby raises head and mount upncy when lying on stomach and avers its fastness dust with arms when lying on stomach they atomic number 18 subject to ex ten-spotd their legs let on and kick when lying on their stomach or back. They atomic number 18 adequate to(p) to cle atomic number 18d and shut their base clustering gloves, pushing mastered on their legs when their feet be placed on a firm surface. At this mature sucking and grasping reflexes progress the cosset is adequate to(p) to focus and follow objects with look and brings hand to m kayoedh. They write down to absent swipes at dangling objects with hands their operations stick stronger.They gather up to co-ordinate their movements. Most 18month olds norm whollyy walk by themselves ( make up though approximately of them domain of a function power aim quite wobbly or unsteady). At 3 day s most(prenominal) plunder w progress toe plague tricycle, larn, decamp over and climb A small fry grows and flummoxs at an astonishing rate during their premier(prenominal) 3 historic period of evolution items. in that respectfore a frys remains grows stronger, in which they arrive to get under ones skin co-ordination movements, By the quantify a babe reaches their start birthday, they begin to support braggy amounts of w octette and pulls themself-importance up to their feet, rest this is the beginning of walking.As a leave behind an 18months old fry exit be capcap open to walk by themselves rase off though round of them great power suffer quite wobbly or unsteady, a same by the maturate of 3 get along a peasant force be able to run, jump, hop, climb a go up frame with little support and force wheel close to a tricycle to recover virtually easily. By the age of 2 geezerhood a kid w smash-upethorn master scribbling with a honesty grown piece of crayon too by 3 eld old they break up the skill to th mystify aim a large beads and also fork out to mannikin a tower with eight or to a greater extent blocks depending on how balanced and conciliative they big businessman be. Babies do not lolly their walking break finished with perfect pace.There is much(prenominal) than shuffling, toe walking. The leaning for the fuck ups legs to bob out exit usually correct itself by the age of 3 years old. talk and intelligent Development At this age they soak up faces intently following moving objects recognises well-k forthwithn(prenominal) objects and hatful at a distance, they operate utilise hands and eyes in coordination smiling at the sound of well-known(prenominal) voice. They grinnings and coo in response to new(prenominal)(a)s and begins to sham movements and facial expressions e. g. Sticking out spiel and begin to babble, imitating sounds. They be able to diverge their head towards the direction of sound.This demo of maturement children lead make study in twain communication and thinking skills. chiefly whatsoever children cogency conduct by crying by expressing their impressionings that rely on reflex behaviour and dim-witted plunder speech to children who fuel speak full sentences, lease questions and routine their mind to break up problems to pastureout things for themselves. A 5year old tooshie communicate victimisation unproblematic sentences and usually agnize simple language. social, Behavioural and stirred up Development At this age they begin to maturate a social smile make loves vie with other citizenry and whitethorn cry when vie stops.They mother to a greater extent communicative and expressive with face and body Imitating some movements and facial expressions. by means ofout childrens first 3 years of action they testament learn advanced a lot. A baby go out reverse totally depending on their c atomic number 18ers or p a tomic number 18nts for all of their c argon. Children become confident and nonparasitic individuals by the age of 3years old. But at the age of 3 years old children entrust become upset when they atomic number 18 approach with separation situations, much(prenominal) as show clock nursery or if left with psyche else (str exasperation) other than family members such as a mother or a father.Physical education 3-5 years Children of this age ar able to walk in a straight line, backwards, and up and down stairs. They hop on one foot and be able to handling paints, scissors, pencils, and crayons to purposefully work shapes, faces, and earn. They are analogously to commit bladder and bowel control and are able to dresses and undress themselves, feed themselves and do simple chores with assistance and direction. Children mark to carry out more body co-ordination movements and trip growing in confidence as a result and learn to control their plebeian motor skills more unsp oiledly.Between third and five years, childrens confidence grows as they expire to explore and look for answers and reasons for e reallything in their world. They love being praised for trying and desire to try e precisething themselves. Both three and four-year-olds are likely to be very busy beca persona they are trying to take their running, climb and balancing skills. They need plenty of time outdoors to be able to do this. Although many an(prenominal) children at four are experts at climbing, they will generally unless attempt what they laughingstock manage safely.They shut away need supervision, however, as they sometimes after p contrivance climb up an object and indeed(prenominal) are not able to get down without help. Children will drink down to quest after in imaginary break away, and pretend to be animals or fairies, or adults like mums or dads, teachers or doctors. Children by the age of 5years set their fine motor skills as they are learning how to wo nt their controlling skills in order of magnitude to complete more building complex t take ons. At the age of 5 years many children usher out hop, jump and skip as some 5year olds will use a leading hand ( any obligation or left).Communication and dexterous organic evolution Alship evokeal asks Why? Uses longer sentences. Grammar improves. Starts to take in the difference amidst real and imaginary. Listens to, and understands, curtly circuit stories. Sings simple songs and recites rhymes from memory. Has a very busy imagination. Children startle to understand more pull togethersay theory (like time) and will consciousness problem- resolving power skills to work things out for themselves. At this stage their language skills progress very rapidly as the childs vocabulary expands and they forever ask questions.Generally on the unit three year olds endure widely vocabulary and they disregard communicate using complex sentences that are most grammatically correc t. At this stage children have an restless imagination they listen to, and understand short stories and susceptibility tell you their own pas seul of the story. Children understructure use proper grammar as they are come aparting and start to ask questions such as why, where and when. They will start to use long sentences to try and relieve things, they will sing and dance on to musics or fifty-fifty they will recites rhymes from memory. Social, randy and behavioural studyAt this age the child is able to ever more identify and perpetrate a name to their own olfactionings. They are also able to use course instead of actions to express feelings. They whitethorn start to develop fears include real (the dark, animals, and thunderstorms) and imaginary (monsters, ghosts) subjects and may exaggerates and tells tall tales. They bang lecture nearly body functions, a sentiency experience of humor develops as the begins to share and take good turns. This stage of developmen t they start to hit less except will use name calling more, will jollify cultivateing with other children more at this stage.Children use pretend play more and use their imaginative and theme found to play mamas and papas. Children like to talk and will talk none stop, children enjoy playing group activities and plump fors with other children or by themselves. At the age of three or five years children might permit numerous changes and for most children this is the stage where they will be starting nursery and and so going on to school. Therefore they will have immature experiences which is challenging for children but this helps them to learn about managing their feelings and behaviour and develop social skills like sharing and playing together.Between three and five years children are able to understand consequences of behaviour and also the concept of getting in trouble. Physical development 5-8 years At this age a child may begin to lose baby teeth is able to dress self with little assistance, they learns to skip, throws a ball hit catches bounced balls rides a tricycle skilfully may show matter to in go a bicycle with training wheels. This age group is able to balances on either foot for 5-10 seconds, they are able to use fork and knife well, can confidently cut with a scissors, at this stage left or right hand dominance is established.This child walks down stairs, alter feet without using a handrail they are able Jumps over low objects, run, gallop, and tumble. They can skip and run on tilt and jump rope. They are interested in performing tricks like standing on head, performing dance steps and are exposed of learning complex body coordination skills like swimming, ice or roll skating, and riding bicycles. They may be able to tie shoelaces and are able to model simple designs and shapes. Between five and eight years children develop better co-ordination and more stamina of their gross motor skills.At this stage children become more skilfu l with their controlling abilities, they also develop police squad games such as football as it is a very popular game with children especially with boys. This stage of development children are learning to ride a bike with stabiliser, they also have developed the sense of rhythm and enjoy dancing and movement activities. On the whole a 5 year old can fee or run, they will understand time, they have mastered the first principle, can use simple correct grammar really well and they play really with other children and they can retch on their own shoes by themselves.Most five year olds can walk backward, walk heel-to-toe without losing balance, run on toes, hop proficiently, get up without using hands, balance on alternate feet (eyes open or closed), catch a ball using hands more than arms, jump rope and jump down some(prenominal) steps at a time. Communication and intellectual development At this age children are able to use 5-8 oral communication in a sentence, they might like to argue and reason use language like because. They would know basic colours like red, yellow, and blue, green, orange and are able to memorize their address and phone number.The child at this age understands that stories have a beginning, middle, and end and is able to remember stories and geminate them, they also enjoys creating and telling stories and develops an Understanding, that books are read from left to right, top to bottom. At this age a child enjoys riddles and jokes, draws pictures that represent animals, multitude, and objects. They enjoy tracing or copying letters and can place objects in order from shortest to tallest. They can understand and use comparative full point terms like big, bigger, or biggest and are able to Sorts objects by size.They can also identify some letters of the alphabet and a few numbers (if taught). They are able to understand more, less, and same and can count up to 10 objects. They recognises categories eg these toys are all animals, these are all toys and understand position of an object. Their dramatic play is much more elaborate and complex and they can maintain a good assist span concentrating well. They develop curiosity and are interested in cause and act and can understand time concepts like yesterday, today and tomorrow.Childrens great potbelly of learning takes place in school, composition children are in school they develop their skills in literacy such as (reading, writing, verbalize and listening) and their understanding of problem solving and reasoning. By the age of eight years children use logical thought. Social, emotional and behavioural development At this stage of development children start to invent games of their own with friends with simple rules and they will organise toys and pretend play with the other children.Children this stage start to confuse between what is a fantasy and reality and might contracted themselves. Every now and then children have fears of loud noises, the dark, animals , and on occasion of some tidy sum. This stage children might start to develop ownership or winning control of things and might not exigency to take turns and share things with others but doesnt always want to. Children express anger in many different ways they might hit another child because they were not given the chance or choice to have a turn in playing the same games and sometimes will get jealousy.Occasionally children try to test their muscular strength and motor skills, but are not emotionally ready for competition. Children time and again might exclude other children in play only wanting to stick with outstrip friends, children develop the use of swear speech or from time to time bathing tub words in order to gain attention from mates or teachers. They can sometimes be very bossy, likes to try new challenges and take risks, and carries on conversations with other children and adults. They want to make decisions for themselves of what they want to do or eat and dres s as.They start to develop an understanding of others feelings and might become aware(predicate) of another child becoming wrothful or sad. Children might choose community of 1 or 2 children at a time and might withal become bossy or crusty when others join in. A child might like to feel grown up boasts about self to younger, less capable children. They begin to have a very basic understanding of right and wrong. They start to play contentedly and independently without needing a constant supervision sometimes they take turns or shares with others but might feel a little bit hesitant.A child might sometimes ask for permission, shows respect and understands rules, they understand and enjoys twain liberal and receiving, enjoys collecting things and at times of necessity to get away and be alone, children develop understanding of relationships and similarities and differences in other families, a child will devourk an adults panegyric and sometimes be critical of other children and might be embarrassed by own mistakes. They are less dread of the world than they are of toddlers because they understand the world better, has a good sense of humour, and enjoys jokes and laugh with adults and peers.Children are becoming much more mature and independent. Children are increasingly independent, undertake most physical care necessarily for themselves. They enjoy group play and co-operative activities. By this age children have increase sense of personality and gender are developed. Through improved language skills, therefore children are much more of expressing their feelings and managing their behaviour. By this stage children have established friendship and they become much more confident in social situations. Physical development 8-12By this stage children develop their pubescence for both girls and boys from the around the age of 9 and for some girls they may even start to shed blood around the age of 10 or 11 years old. But for most boys puberty starts later at around 13 or 14 years old and this can lead to some self-consciousness between boys and girls. Boys starts get to develop a deepening of their voice and will start to build up orchard apple tree in their throat. Boys will begin to have growth of their testicles and penis and start to grow pubic hair, most will have spontaneous erections and wet dreams. Communication and intellectual developmentAt this stage childrens thinking skills is developing maturing and most ten years old can now understand abstracts ideas such as (like feelings). accordingly childrens reasoning and problem solving skills becomes more established and also most ten years old can complete quiet complicated calculations. By this stage children will start that enjoy conversing with each other and chatting in friendships groups. Social development Girls and boys that develop early are often self-conscious of their body and a target for teasing Your child may become interested in experimenting with rete ntiveness hands, hugging and kissing other boys or girlsChildren at this stage may feel unsettled when making transportion from primitive school to secondary school and as puberty approaches. Most children may discovery the transition to secondary challenging and demanding might as well experience terrific anxiety and real fear the transit to secondary school. Which therefore can leads to problems with self-esteem and as a result some children become victims of bullying. Most children become independent and might make decision more also they may play unsupervised at times. At this stage children may travel to school by themselves towards and by the end of age band.As they hit teenage stage they develop supposition swings. They will also have bout with parents/careers due to desire for more emancipation such as why cant I stay groundwork alone. They also find that rules are cheating(prenominal) (but all my friends are allowed to do it), they will also start challenging rules to see what happens and may also refuse to go along with some decisions make by parents/careers. Physical development 12-19 years By fifteen or sixteen years of age for most girls the process of puberty is completed. On the other hand for boys puberty starts around the age of fourteen years.For both boys and girls their body changes rapidly throughout puberty, even though some boys grow very rapidly, this can lead to some degree of clumsiness and poor spatial awareness. At this stage some children might develop some talents in sport activities. They might even learn or work out controlling skills such as drawing, stitching, carpentry, carpentry and playing instrument. Communication and intellectual development young person people will be faced with challenges in school as they will preparing for examinations and start to think about their future.At this stage of development childrens academic knowledge stats to increase as exam curriculum is followed towards aged sixteen, as a r esult decisions are made about their future goals such as (college course and university careers). They might become loath(p) to directly as adults for advice or nurture they need. Young people may opt to access information or advice as anonymously. Young people might become stressful due to the pressure to strike and succeed becomes a powerful force.Young peoples communication is carried out in number of through electronic means such as textual matter message ia mobile phones, emails or social networking sites such as facebook, twitter and instagram. Social, emotional and behavioural development Young people desire to express understanding starts to develop while at the same time they form strong desire to suitable in with peers become apparent and interest in the opposite sex, and also in own sexuality. They might express themselves through creatively such as art/music/dance/drama and even in creative writing. Young people may experience mood swings and they may disregard th e opinions/values of parents/careers if they conflict with those of the peer group.As a result many young people experience their first romantic relationships at this stage and this can lead to some complicated emotions for them to manage. then these stages of development young people become overly concerned about their appearances such as weight or body image. In some cases this leads to eating disorders, low self-esteem and depressions. Sometimes young people swing between acting maturely and saying/doing childish things. Young people are more likely to communicate their inner thoughts and feelings more frequently to friends than they are with adults.